10th Social Science Geography Solutions Chapter 3 | India Agriculture - TEXTBOOK EVALUATION with KEY ANSWERS

India - Agriculture

I. Choose the correct answer

1.   The soil which is rich in iron oxides is __________.

        a) Alluvial
b) Black
c) Red
d) Alkaline
Ans: c) Red

 

2.   Which of the following organizations has divided the Indian soils into 8 major groups?

        a) Indian Council of Agricultural Research
b) Indian Meteorological Department
c) Soil Survey of India
d) Indian Institute of Soil Science
Ans: a) Indian Council of Agricultural Research

 

3.    The soils formed by the rivers are:

        a) Red soils
b) Black soils
c) Desert soils
d) Alluvial soils
Ans: d) Alluvial soils

 

4.    _______dam is the highest gravity dam in India.

        a) Hirakud dam
b) Bhakra Nangal dam
c) Mettur dam
d) Nagarjuna Sagar dam
Ans: b) Bhakra Nangal dam

 

5.    __________ is a cash crop.

        a) Cotton
b) Wheat
c) Rice
d) Maize
Ans: a) Cotton

 

6.    Black soils are also called as:

        a) Arid soils
b) Saline soils
c) Regur soils
d) Mountain soils
Ans: c) Regur soils

 

7.    The longest dam in the world is ______.

        a) Mettur dam
b) Kosi dam
c) Hirakud dam
d) Bhakra-Nangal dam
Ans: c) Hirakud dam

 

8.    Which crop is called as “Golden Fibre” in India?

        a) Cotton
b) Wheat
c) Jute
d) Tobacco
Ans: c) Jute

 

II. Consider the given statement and choose the right option given below

1    Assertion (A): Horticulture involves cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
 Reason (R): India ranks first in the world in the production of mango, banana, and citrus fruits.

        a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are true : (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true
Ans: c) (A) is correct (R) is false

 

2.    Assertion (A): Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of eroded and decayed materials brought by the rivers.
Reason (R): Paddy and wheat are grown well in the soil.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true
Ans: a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) explains (A)

 

III. Pick the odd and out

1. a) Wheat
    b) Rice
    d) Coffee

    c) Millets
    Ans: d) Coffee

 

2. a) Khadar
    b) Bhangar
    c) Alluvial soil
    d) Black soil
    Ans: d) Black soil

 

3. a) Inundational canals
    b) Perennial canals
    c) Tanks
    d) Canals
    Ans: c) Tanks

 

IV. Match the following

I		II
1.	Sugar bowl of India	a	Mahanadi
2.	Coffee	b	Golden revolution
3.	Tehri	c	Karnataka
4.	Hirakud	d	Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
5.	Horticulture	e	Highest dam in India

 

Answers
1.	Sugar bowl of India	d	Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
2.	Coffee	c	Karnataka
3.	Tehri	e	Highest dam in India
4.	Hirakud	a	Mahanadi
5.	Horticulture	b	Golden revolution

 

 

V. Answer in brief

1.   Define soil.

• Soil is the uppermost layer of the land surface,
• usually composed of minerals,
• organic matter,
• living organisms,
• air and water.

 

2.     Name the types of soil found in India.

• Alluvial soils
• Black soils
• Red soils
• Laterite soils
• Forest and mountain soils
• Arid and desert soils
• Saline and alkaline soils
• Peaty and marshy soils.

 

3.     State any two characteristics of black cotton soil.

• It consists of calcium and magnesium carbonates, high quantities of iron, aluminium, lime and magnesia.
• It is rich in potash, lime, aluminium, calcium and magnesium. Poor in Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid and humus.
• It has high degree of moisture retentivity.

 

4.     Define Agriculture.

• Agriculture is the process of producing food for people, fodder for cattle, fiber and many other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock)

 

5.   State the types of agriculture practices in India.

• Subsistence farming
• Shifting agriculture
• Intensive farming
• Dry farming
• Mixed farming
• Terrace farming

 

6.     Name the seasons of agriculture in India.

• Kharif Season (June - September)
• Rabi Season (October - March)
• Zaid Season (April - June)

 

7.     Mention the plantation crops of India.

• Tea
• Coffee
• Rubber
• Spices

 

8.     What do you mean by livestock?

• Livestock is an integral component of the farming system in India.
• The livestock sector is socially and economically very significant.
• It helps to improve food and nutritional security.
• Livestock refers to animals kept in a farm like goats, sheep, buffaloes and pigs.

 

9.     Write a brief note on the categories of fisheries in India.

• In India, fishing is categorised into two types. They are marine sea fisheries or sea fisheries and Inland or Fresh water fisheries.

    Marine or Sea fisheries:

• It includes coastal, off-shore and deep sea fisheries.
• It is  done mainly on the continental shelves. 
• Kerala leads in the marine fishing.

    Inland or Fresh water fisheries:

• Rivers, lakes, canals, ponds, reservoirs, tanks are the sources of fresh water fisheries. 50% of the country’s total fish production comes from the inland fisheries. Andhra Pradesh leads in Inland fishing.

 

VI. Give reasons

1.     Agriculture is the backbone of India.

• Agriculture in India employs more than 50% of the population of the country.
• It accounts for about 25% of the national income. Hence agriculture is the back bone of India.

 

2.   Rain water harvesting is necessary.

• In India there is only seasonal rainfall. It is not uniform and highly erratic. 
• Most of the time rainfall is scanty. Hence rain water harvesting is necessary.

 

VII. Distinguish between the following

1. Rabi and Kharif crop seasons.

Rabi crop season	Kharif crop season
The season is from October to March	The season is from June to September
Wheat, Gram, Rapeseeds, Mustard and Barley are cultivated in Northern states	Rice, Cotton, Bajra, Maize, Jowar and Tur are cultivated in Northern States
Rice, Maize, Ragi, Jowar and Groundnut are cultivated in Southern States	Rice, Ragi, Maize, Jower and Groundnut are cultivated in Southern States

 

2. Inundational canal and perennial canal.

Inundational Canals	Perennial Canals
In this type water is taken out directly from the river without making any kind of barrage or dam.	Perennial canals are developed from perennial rivers by constructing barrages or dams to regulate the flow of water
These canals are useful for the diversion of flood water from the river.	These canals are useful for irrigation.
They are operational only during rainy season.	They are operational throughout the year.

 

 

3. Marine fishing and Inland fishing.

Marine Fishing	Inland Fishing
It includes coastal, off-shore and deep sea fishing, mainly on the continental shelves.	It includes fishing in rivers, canals, reservoirs, ponds, tanks etc.
Fishing is done is saline water.	Fishing is done in fresh water.
In India Kerala leads in marine fishing	In India Andhra Pradesh leads in inland fishing

 

 

4. Alluvial soils and Black soils.

Alluvial soils	Black soils
Alluvial soil is formed from sediments deposited by streams and rivers.	Black soil is derived from basalts of Deccan trap.
Alluvial soil is rich in potash, phosphoric acid, lime and carbon compounds.	It is rich in potash, lime, aluminium and manganese
It is poor in Nitrogen.	It is poor in Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid and humus.
It is found in the northern river valleys and plains.	It is found in Deccan plateau, Malwa plateau and Kathiawar peninsula.
Crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane and oilseeds are grown.	Crops like cotton, millets, tobacco and sugarcane are grown.

 

VIII. Answer in a paragraph

1. State any five types of soil in India and explain the characteristics and distribution of soil.

Alluvial Soils: 

Formation 

-     Sediments deposited by streams and rivers.

Chemical properties: 

-    Rich in potash, phosphoric acid, lime and carbon compounds but poor in nitrogen

Nature

-   Sandy-loam-silt-clay

Distribution  

• Ganga and Brahmaputra river valleys
• Plains of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal and Bihar

Black Soils:

Formation 

-     Derived from basalts of Deccan trap.

Chemical properties  

• Consist of calcium and magnesium carbonates, high quantities of iron, aluminium, lime and magnesia.
• Rich in potash, lime, aluminium, calcium and magnesium
• Poor in Nitrogen Phosphoric acid and humus

Nature                 

-   Sticky when wet, High degree of moisture retentivity

Distribution

• Maharashtra and Malwa plateau.
• Kathiawar peninsula
• Telangana and Rayalaseema.
• Northern part of Karnataka

Red Soils:

Formation                 

-    Decomposition of ancient crystalline rocks like granites and gneisses.

Chemical properties 

• Rich in minerals such as iron and magnesium..
•  Poor in Nitrogen, humus, lime and Phosphoric acid

Nature

-   Light texture, porous friable presence of limited soluble salts.

Distribution 

• Eastern parts of Deccan plateau
• Southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Chota Nagpur Plateau (Jharkhand)

Laterite Soils:

Formation

-     Formed by the process of leaching.

Chemical properties  

-     Composed of hydrated oxides of iron and aluminium.

Nature 

-    More acidic on higher areas poor in high level. Cannot retain moisture.

Forest and mountain Soils:

Formation

-    Due to mechanical weathering caused by rain and temperature

Chemical properties

-     Deficient in potash, phosphorous and lime.

Nature

-     Light, sandy and thin, Rich in humus.

Distribution

-     Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarkhand.

Arid and desert Soils:

Formation 

 -   Formed due to dry climate, high temperature and accelerated evaporation.

Chemical properties

-  Contain soluble salts and alkaline. Poor in organic matter and nitrogen.

Nature 

-    Light in colour, low humus, friable nature and low in moisture.

Distribution

-     Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat and Southern Punjab.

 

2.   What is Multipurpose project and write about any two Multipurpose projects of India.

    Multipurpose projects:

• Multipurpose project is a scientific management of water resources in India. Construction of dam across rivers is aimed at many purposes. Hence it is termed as multipurpose river valley projects. Various purposes of a dam are irrigation, hydro power generation, water supply for drinking and industrial purpose, controlling floods, development of fisheries and navigation. There are a number of Multipurpose river valley projects in India.
• Generally majority of multipurpose projects are combination of irrigation and hydro-power which are the major aims of the projects.

    Bhakra-Nangal Project:

• This project is constructed across the river Sutlej. It is the highest gravity dam in the world.
• The states benefited are Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.

Hirakud Project:

• This project is constructed across the river Mahanadi. It is the largest dam in the world. 
• The state benefited is Orissa.

 

3. Bring out the characteristics of Intensive and Plantation farming.

    Intensive farming:

• It is an agricultural intensification and mechanization system.
• It aims to maximize yields from available land through various means such as heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers.

    Plantation farming:

• Plantation crops are cultivated for the purpose of exports.
• Plantation farming is practised in large estates on hilly slopes.
• Tea, coffee, rubber and spices are the major plantation crops of India.
• Plantation farming is practised mainly in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Karnataka, Assam and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

 

4. Examine the geographical conditions favourable for the cultivation of rice and wheat.

    Rice:

• Rice is an indigenous crop. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
• Rice is a tropical crop, growing mainly with mean temperature of 24°C and annual rainfall of 150 cm.
• Deep fertile clayey or loamy soils is suited for rice cultivation. It also needs abundant supply of cheap labour.
• Rice in India is sown in three ways.  i) Broadcasting  ii) Ploughing (Drilling)  iii) Transplanting
• Leading rice producing  states are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Odisha, Assam and Haryana.

    Wheat:

• Wheat is the second most important food crop of our country after rice.
• Wheat needs 10-15°C  at the time of sowing and 20-25°C at the time of ripening of grains.
• It accounts for 22% of total area in our country.
• Over 85% of wheat production comes from 5 states namely Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
• Wheat is also grown in the black soil regions of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

 

IX. Hot questions

 1.    Can you imagine a world without agriculture?

• It is impossible to imagine a world without agriculture. 
• Without agriculture we can’t get food or vegetables or fruits. 
• Then how can we survive?. 
• How long can we live with only water and air?. 
• Without agriculture the livestock too cannot survive. 
• We can’t have dress materials if agriculture fails. 
• Factories that have raw materials from agriculture cannot function. 
• Unemployment would be higher. 
• There would be scarcity of fresh air to breath.

 

2. Can you give solutions for the prevailing water disputes in South India?

• The availability of water is an important factor for agriculture. 
• India is a monsoon country with uneven distribution of rainfall. 
• So irrigation is an important factor for agriculture. 
• The major problem that agriculturists face is the water problem. 
• So priority should be given to find solutions for the water dispute in our country, particularly in South India.

    River linking project:

• Perennial rivers may be linked with non-perennial rivers. It will enable the farmers to get water throughout the year.
• But it is a major and complicated project because it requires huge investment and the cooperation of other states.

Building of more dams: 

• More dams should be constructed wherever it is possible. 
• It involves huge investment and the co-operation of other states. 
• By building dams we can prevent huge amount of water draining into sea uselessly.

Raising the height of dams: 

• The height of the dams should be raised so that the storing capacity of the dams be increased.

Cleaning the tanks: 

• Cleaning the tanks and desilting of tanks is the urgent need of the state. 
• By doing so we can prevent floods and wastage of water.

 

X. Map Exercise

 1. Demarcate the major tracts of alluvial soils.

2. Delineate the main regions of black soil.

3. Locate the Hirakud dam, Mettur dam and Damodar dam.

4. Shade the regions of jute cultivation.

5. Mark any three tea and coffee growing areas.

6. Demarcate the regions of desert soil.

7. Locate the fishing hubs: Tuticorin, Chennai, Cochin, Mumbai, Machilipatnam

8. Demarcate: Cauvery delta, Godavari delta